The cause of esophageal cancer is unknown, but genetics may play a role.

Genes control the functions inside a cell. Special genes control how cells divide and grow. Cancer occurs when the damaged genes stimulate the cell to multiply out of control. The exact cause for this damage is unknown.

Examples:

• DNA
• Genes on chromosomes
• Cancer cells
• Cancer cell division

Cancer cells can develop from any tissues inside the esophagus: the lining, glands or muscles. The cells can spread through the lymphatic system or the bloodstream. Esophageal cancer spreads most commonly to the lungs and liver.